What is the Difference Between Fully Insured and Self-Insured Health Plans?
Choosing the right health insurance plan is one of the most important financial decisions an employer can make. With rising healthcare costs, increased regulatory pressure, and the need for competitive benefits, understanding your options is essential. In this guide, we break down the key differences between fully insured and self-insured (also called self-funded) health plans so you can make the most informed choice for your organization.
What Is a Fully Insured Health Plan?
A fully insured health plan is the more traditional option for employer-sponsored coverage. In this model:
- The employer pays a fixed monthly premium to an insurance carrier.
- The carrier assumes all financial risk and handles claims and administration.
- Costs are predictable, and coverage is pre-determined by the insurer.
Benefits of Fully Insured Plans
- Budget Predictability: Employers know upfront what they will pay monthly.
- Administrative Simplicity: Carriers manage all claims and plan logistics.
- ACA Compliance: Automatically managed by the insurer.
Drawbacks
- Limited Flexibility: Employers cannot customize plan details.
- Less Insight: Employers don’t have access to claims data.
- Higher Costs for Some Groups: Premiums may include margin and risk charges.
What Is a Self-Insured (Self-Funded) Health Plan?
A self-insured plan allows employers to assume the financial risk for providing healthcare to their employees. Instead of paying premiums, employers:
- Pay medical claims as they occur.
- Set aside a reserve fund to cover expected costs.
- Often hire a third-party administrator (TPA) to handle claims and compliance.
Benefits of Self-Insured Plans
- Cost Savings: Avoid carrier margins and pay only for actual claims.
- Customization: Tailor benefits to meet workforce needs.
- Claims Data Access: Improve decision-making with real-time insights.
- Wellness Integration: Incentivize healthier employee behavior.
Drawbacks
- Financial Risk: Employers pay out claims directly.
- Cash Flow Variability: Monthly costs may fluctuate.
- Compliance Burden: Employers are responsible for ACA and ERISA compliance.
To mitigate large, unexpected claims, many employers purchase stop-loss insurance—a policy that reimburses costs above a certain threshold.
Fully Insured vs. Self-Insured: A Side-by-Side Comparison
Feature | Fully Insured Plan | Self-Insured Plan |
---|---|---|
Who Assumes Risk | Insurance company | Employer |
Cost Predictability | High | Variable |
Plan Customization | Low | High |
Claims Data Access | Limited | Full |
Stop-Loss Insurance | Not needed | Often recommended |
ACA Compliance | Carrier-managed | Employer-managed (via TPA) |
Admin Responsibility | Insurance carrier | Employer or TPA |
Pros and Cons for Employers
Fully Insured Plan
- Simpler to manage
- Budget-friendly for small teams
- Less flexible in design and provider options
- Typically results in higher per-employee costs
Self-Insured Plan
- Offers lower long-term costs for healthier employee groups
- Provides greater flexibility and control over plan design
- Requires sufficient cash reserves and stop-loss protection
- Involves more administrative responsibility
Which Type of Plan Is Right for Your Business?
Fully insured plans tend to be better for:
- Small businesses with limited cash flow
- Teams needing predictable monthly expenses
- Employers with little administrative bandwidth
Self-insured plans may be better for:
- Mid-size to large employers
- Businesses looking to control rising premiums
- Companies that want to customize benefits and analyze claims trends
How to Stay ACA Compliant with Either Option
Whether you’re fully or self-insured, compliance with the Affordable Care Act is mandatory. Self-insured employers must take extra care to file 1095-C forms, ensure minimum essential coverage is met, and avoid potential penalties.
Partnering with a compliance-savvy benefits provider or TPA can take the complexity off your plate.
Still Have Questions?
At SBMA, we partner with employers who want to offer affordable, compliant benefits without the complexity. Our team makes it easy to navigate ACA requirements, implement coverage quickly, and support employees with plans that actually work for them.
What sets us apart? Personalized service, rapid implementation, and an innovative approach to benefits that puts people first.
Learn more about us and our services here.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: Is self-insured only for large businesses?
A: Not necessarily. Businesses with as few as 50 employees can explore self-funded models, especially with the help of stop-loss insurance and third-party administrators.
Q: What’s the biggest risk of self-funding?
A: Unpredictable high-cost claims. But this can be managed with stop-loss coverage.
Q: Do self-insured plans cover the same services?
A: Yes—employers can mirror traditional plans but with the flexibility to adjust deductibles, copays, and provider networks.